This white paper lays out a vision of research and development in the field of artificial intelligence for the next decade (and beyond). Its denouement is a cyber-physical ecosystem of natural and synthetic sense-making, in which humans are integral participants$\unicode{x2014}$what we call ''shared intelligence''. This vision is premised on active inference, a formulation of adaptive behavior that can be read as a physics of intelligence, and which inherits from the physics of self-organization. In this context, we understand intelligence as the capacity to accumulate evidence for a generative model of one's sensed world$\unicode{x2014}$also known as self-evidencing. Formally, this corresponds to maximizing (Bayesian) model evidence, via belief updating over several scales: i.e., inference, learning, and model selection. Operationally, this self-evidencing can be realized via (variational) message passing or belief propagation on a factor graph. Crucially, active inference foregrounds an existential imperative of intelligent systems; namely, curiosity or the resolution of uncertainty. This same imperative underwrites belief sharing in ensembles of agents, in which certain aspects (i.e., factors) of each agent's generative world model provide a common ground or frame of reference. Active inference plays a foundational role in this ecology of belief sharing$\unicode{x2014}$leading to a formal account of collective intelligence that rests on shared narratives and goals. We also consider the kinds of communication protocols that must be developed to enable such an ecosystem of intelligences and motivate the development of a shared hyper-spatial modeling language and transaction protocol, as a first$\unicode{x2014}$and key$\unicode{x2014}$step towards such an ecology.

我们展示了任何具有自由度和局部自由能的系统如何在自由能原理的限制下，都将发展朝着支持层次结构计算的神经形态形态发展，在该计算中，每个层次结构的每个级别都会构成其投入的粗糙度。，并双重地将其输出的细粒度。这种层次结构发生在整个生物学中，从细胞内信号转导途径的体系结构到哺乳动物大脑中的感知和动作周期的大规模组织。正式地，一方面，锥体 - 康基图（CCCD）作为量子参考帧的模型，另一方面是CCCDS和拓扑量子场理论之间的近距离形式连接，允许在全剂量量子中代表此类计算拓扑量子神经网络的计算框架。

在本章中，我们确定了基本的几何结构，这些几何结构是采样，优化，推理和自适应决策问题的基础。基于此识别，我们得出了利用这些几何结构来有效解决这些问题的算法。我们表明，在这些领域中自然出现了广泛的几何理论，范围从测量过程，信息差异，泊松几何和几何整合。具体而言，我们解释了（i）如何利用汉密尔顿系统的符合性几何形状，使我们能够构建（加速）采样和优化方法，（ii）希尔伯特亚空间和Stein操作员的理论提供了一种通用方法来获得可靠的估计器，（iii）（iii）（iii）保留决策的信息几何形状会产生执行主动推理的自适应剂。在整个过程中，我们强调了这些领域之间的丰富联系。例如，推论借鉴了抽样和优化，并且自适应决策通过推断其反事实后果来评估决策。我们的博览会提供了基本思想的概念概述，而不是技术讨论，可以在本文中的参考文献中找到。

积极推断是复杂系统中的认知和行为的叙述，它在贝叶斯推论的理论地幔下举起动作，感知和学习。积极的推论已经看到学术研究中的应用越来越多，特别是在寻求模拟人类或动物行为的领域。虽然近年来，来自有效推理文献产生的一些代码已经用Python和Julia这样的开源语言编写，迄今为止，用于模拟活动推理代理的最流行的软件是SPM，Matlab库的DEM工具箱最初开发用于神经影像数据的统计分析和建模。因此，在纯粹的数字和科学学科的应用程序方面，表现出对积极推断的兴趣，因此为在开源科学计算语言中模拟了激活推论的通用，广泛可用的和用户友好的代码，这一切都表现为纯粹的数字以及跨科学学科的应用程序。像python。我们在这里呈现的Python包，Pymdp（参见https://github.com/fifer-active/pymdp）表示朝这个方向的重要一步：即，我们提供了用于模拟有源推断的第一个开源包，部分 - 可观察的马尔可夫决策过程或POMDPS。我们查看包的结构，并解释了模块化设计和定制等优点，同时提供沿着文本代码块，以便演示如何使用它以轻松地构建和运行主动推断过程。我们开发了PyMDP，以增加有效推理框架的可访问性和暴露于有多种纪律背景的研究人员，工程师和开发人员。本着开源软件的精神，我们也希望它在不断增长的积极推理界中产生新的创新，发展和合作。

有效计划的能力对于生物体和人造系统都是至关重要的。在认知神经科学和人工智能（AI）中广泛研究了基于模型的计划和假期，但是从不同的角度来看，以及难以调和的考虑（生物现实主义与可伸缩性）的不同意见（生物现实主义与可伸缩性）。在这里，我们介绍了一种新颖的方法来计划大型POMDP（Active Tree search（ACT）），该方法结合了神经科学中领先的计划理论的规范性特征和生物学现实主义（主动推论）和树木搜索方法的可扩展性AI。这种统一对两种方法都是有益的。一方面，使用树搜索可以使生物学接地的第一原理，主动推断的方法可应用于大规模问题。另一方面，主动推理为探索 - 开发困境提供了一种原则性的解决方案，该解决方案通常在树搜索方法中以启发性解决。我们的模拟表明，ACT成功地浏览了对基于抽样的方法，需要自适应探索的问题以及大型POMDP问题“ RockSample”的二进制树，其中ACT近似于最新的POMDP解决方案。此外，我们说明了如何使用ACT来模拟人类和其他解决大型计划问题的人类和其他动物的神经生理反应（例如，在海马和前额叶皮层）。这些数值分析表明，主动树搜索是神经科学和AI计划理论的原则性实现，既具有生物现实主义和可扩展性。

主动推断是建模生物学和人造药物的行为的概率框架，该框架源于最小化自由能的原理。近年来，该框架已成功地应用于各种情况下，其目标是最大程度地提高奖励，提供可比性，有时甚至是卓越的性能与替代方法。在本文中，我们通过演示如何以及何时进行主动推理代理执行最佳奖励的动作来阐明奖励最大化和主动推断之间的联系。确切地说，我们展示了主动推理为Bellman方程提供最佳解决方案的条件 - 这种公式是基于模型的增强学习和控制的几种方法。在部分观察到的马尔可夫决策过程中，标准的主动推理方案可以为计划视野1的最佳动作产生最佳动作，但不能超越。相比之下，最近开发的递归活跃推理方案（复杂的推理）可以在任何有限的颞范围内产生最佳作用。我们通过讨论主动推理和强化学习之间更广泛的关系来补充分析。

Markowitz mean-variance portfolios with sample mean and covariance as input parameters feature numerous issues in practice. They perform poorly out of sample due to estimation error, they experience extreme weights together with high sensitivity to change in input parameters. The heavy-tail characteristics of financial time series are in fact the cause for these erratic fluctuations of weights that consequently create substantial transaction costs. In robustifying the weights we present a toolbox for stabilizing costs and weights for global minimum Markowitz portfolios. Utilizing a projected gradient descent (PGD) technique, we avoid the estimation and inversion of the covariance operator as a whole and concentrate on robust estimation of the gradient descent increment. Using modern tools of robust statistics we construct a computationally efficient estimator with almost Gaussian properties based on median-of-means uniformly over weights. This robustified Markowitz approach is confirmed by empirical studies on equity markets. We demonstrate that robustified portfolios reach the lowest turnover compared to shrinkage-based and constrained portfolios while preserving or slightly improving out-of-sample performance.

Recommendation Systems (RSs) are ubiquitous in modern society and are one of the largest points of interaction between humans and AI. Modern RSs are often implemented using deep learning models, which are infamously difficult to interpret. This problem is particularly exasperated in the context of recommendation scenarios, as it erodes the user's trust in the RS. In contrast, the newly introduced Tsetlin Machines (TM) possess some valuable properties due to their inherent interpretability. TMs are still fairly young as a technology. As no RS has been developed for TMs before, it has become necessary to perform some preliminary research regarding the practicality of such a system. In this paper, we develop the first RS based on TMs to evaluate its practicality in this application domain. This paper compares the viability of TMs with other machine learning models prevalent in the field of RS. We train and investigate the performance of the TM compared with a vanilla feed-forward deep learning model. These comparisons are based on model performance, interpretability/explainability, and scalability. Further, we provide some benchmark performance comparisons to similar machine learning solutions relevant to RSs.

We propose an approach for semantic imitation, which uses demonstrations from a source domain, e.g. human videos, to accelerate reinforcement learning (RL) in a different target domain, e.g. a robotic manipulator in a simulated kitchen. Instead of imitating low-level actions like joint velocities, our approach imitates the sequence of demonstrated semantic skills like "opening the microwave" or "turning on the stove". This allows us to transfer demonstrations across environments (e.g. real-world to simulated kitchen) and agent embodiments (e.g. bimanual human demonstration to robotic arm). We evaluate on three challenging cross-domain learning problems and match the performance of demonstration-accelerated RL approaches that require in-domain demonstrations. In a simulated kitchen environment, our approach learns long-horizon robot manipulation tasks, using less than 3 minutes of human video demonstrations from a real-world kitchen. This enables scaling robot learning via the reuse of demonstrations, e.g. collected as human videos, for learning in any number of target domains.

By transferring knowledge from large, diverse, task-agnostic datasets, modern machine learning models can solve specific downstream tasks either zero-shot or with small task-specific datasets to a high level of performance. While this capability has been demonstrated in other fields such as computer vision, natural language processing or speech recognition, it remains to be shown in robotics, where the generalization capabilities of the models are particularly critical due to the difficulty of collecting real-world robotic data. We argue that one of the keys to the success of such general robotic models lies with open-ended task-agnostic training, combined with high-capacity architectures that can absorb all of the diverse, robotic data. In this paper, we present a model class, dubbed Robotics Transformer, that exhibits promising scalable model properties. We verify our conclusions in a study of different model classes and their ability to generalize as a function of the data size, model size, and data diversity based on a large-scale data collection on real robots performing real-world tasks. The project's website and videos can be found at robotics-transformer.github.io